Tratamiento de = crudos pesados con vapor de agua | Ram=C3=ADrez A. | Ciencia e = Ingenier=C3=ADa

From: Subject: =?Windows-1252?Q?Tratamiento_de_crudos_pesados_con_vapor_de_agua_|_Ram=ED?= =?Windows-1252?Q?rez_A._|_Ciencia_e_Ingenier=EDa?= Date: Tue, 13 Jul 2010 13:41:38 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5512 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/cienciaeingenieria/article/viewArticle/463 =EF=BB=BF Tratamiento de = crudos pesados con vapor de agua | Ram=C3=ADrez A. | Ciencia e = Ingenier=C3=ADa

Ciencia e Ingenier=C3=ADa, Vol 19, No 2 (1987)

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Inicio > Vol 19, No 2 (1987) > Ram=C3=ADrez A.

Tratamiento de crudos pesados con vapor de agua

John W. Ram=C3=ADrez A., Jos=C3=A9 Iraides = Belandria

Resumen

Se realizaron una serie de experiencias en las cuales se evaluaron = los=20 efectos de presi=C3=B3n, temperatura, tipo de catalizador y tiempo de = reacci=C3=B3n sobre=20 las propiedades f=C3=ADsicas del crudo y sobre los productos gaseosos de = reacci=C3=B3n. El=20 sistema utilizado fu=C3=A9 un reactor cerrado con sistema acoplado de = cromatograf=C3=ADa y=20 la carga crudo Jobo de 11,79 =C2=B0API de la Faja del Orinoco Se = encontr=C3=B3 que la=20 temperatura, presi=C3=B3n y tiempo de reacci=C3=B3n son variables = fundamentales en el=20 proceso Se logr=C3=B3 una reducci=C3=B3n de viscosidad del crudo de = 98,5%, una=20 gasificaci=C3=B3n de 16% (p/p) con aumento de gravedad de 4,17 =C2=B0API = y una=20 concentraci=C3=B3n de =C3=A1cido sulf=C3=ADdrico de 8923 ppm en las = mejores condiciones.

Abstract

In this paper the efects of the presure, tempetature, kind of = catalyst and=20 time of reaction was studied over the gaseous products and the fisics = properties=20 of the Crude 0il. The equipment used was a batch reactor with = cromatograptly=20 system and the Crude Oil Jobo from the 0rinoco Belt with 11,79 =C2=B0APi = It was=20 demostrated that the pressure, temperature and the reaction time are=20 fundamentals over the process The Crude Oil StlOW a reduction of 98,5% = in=20 viscosity, a concentration, of gas of 16% (p/p), an increase of 4,17 = =C2=B0API and=20 concentration of Hydrogen Sulfur of 8900 ppm under the best=20 conditions.

Texto completo: PDF

This = work is licensed = under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.=20

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charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Location: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/plugins/blocks/fontSize/medium.css BODY { FONT-SIZE: 1em } ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Location: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/plugins/blocks/fontSize/large.css BODY { FONT-SIZE: 1.2em } ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/js/general.js /**=0A= * general.js=0A= *=0A= * Copyright (c) 2003-2006 John Willinsky=0A= * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file = docs/COPYING.=0A= *=0A= * Site-wide common JavaScript functions. =0A= *=0A= * $Id: general.js,v 1.24 2007/09/19 00:04:36 asmecher Exp $=0A= */=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Prompt user for confirmation prior to loading a URL.=0A= */=0A= function confirmAction(url, msg) {=0A= if (confirm(msg)) {=0A= if (url) {=0A= document.location.href=3Durl;=0A= }=0A= return true;=0A= }=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Open window displaying help.=0A= */=0A= function openHelp(url) {=0A= window.open(url, 'Help', = 'width=3D700,height=3D600,screenX=3D100,screenY=3D100,toolbar=3D0,scrollb= ars=3D1');=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Open window displaying comments.=0A= */=0A= function openComments(url) {=0A= window.open(url, 'Comments', = 'width=3D700,height=3D600,screenX=3D100,screenY=3D100,toolbar=3D0,resizab= le=3D1,scrollbars=3D1');=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Open window for preview.=0A= */=0A= function openWindow(url) {=0A= window.open(url, 'Window', = 'width=3D600,height=3D550,screenX=3D100,screenY=3D100,toolbar=3D0,resizab= le=3D1,scrollbars=3D1');=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Open window for reading tools.=0A= */=0A= function openRTWindow(url) {=0A= window.open(url, 'RT', = 'width=3D700,height=3D500,screenX=3D100,screenY=3D100,toolbar=3D0,resizab= le=3D1,scrollbars=3D1');=0A= }=0A= function openRTWindowWithToolbar(url) {=0A= window.open(url, 'RT', = 'width=3D700,height=3D500,screenX=3D100,screenY=3D100,toolbar=3D1,resizab= le=3D1,scrollbars=3D1');=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * browser object availability detection=0A= * @param objectId string of object needed=0A= * @param style int (0 or 1) if style object is needed=0A= * @return javascript object specific to current browser=0A= */=0A= function getBrowserObject(objectId, style) {=0A= var isNE4 =3D 0;=0A= var currObject;=0A= =0A= // browser object for ie5+ and ns6+=0A= if (document.getElementById) {=0A= currObject =3D document.getElementById(objectId);=0A= // browser object for ie4+=0A= } else if (document.all) {=0A= currObject =3D document.all[objectId];=0A= // browser object for ne4=0A= } else if (document.layers) {=0A= currObject =3D document.layers[objectId];=0A= isNE4 =3D 1;=0A= } else {=0A= // do nothing=0A= }=0A= =0A= // check if style is needed=0A= if (style && !isNE4) {=0A= currObject =3D currObject.style;=0A= }=0A= =0A= return currObject;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Load a URL.=0A= */=0A= function loadUrl(url) {=0A= document.location.href=3Durl; =0A= }=0A= =0A= function createCookie(name,value,days) {=0A= if (days) {=0A= var date =3D new Date();=0A= date.setTime(date.getTime()+(days*24*60*60*1000));=0A= var expires =3D "; expires=3D"+date.toGMTString();=0A= }=0A= else expires =3D "";=0A= document.cookie =3D name+"=3D"+value+expires+"; path=3D/";=0A= }=0A= =0A= function readCookie(name) {=0A= var nameEQ =3D name + "=3D";=0A= var ca =3D document.cookie.split(';');=0A= for(var i=3D0;i < ca.length;i++) {=0A= var c =3D ca[i];=0A= while (c.charAt(0)=3D=3D' ') c =3D c.substring(1,c.length);=0A= if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) =3D=3D 0) return = c.substring(nameEQ.length,c.length);=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Asynchronous request functions=0A= */=0A= function makeAsyncRequest(){=0A= var req=3D(window.XMLHttpRequest)?new XMLHttpRequest():new = ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');=0A= return req;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function sendAsyncRequest(req, url, data, method) {=0A= var header =3D 'Content-Type:text/html; Charset=3Dutf-8';=0A= req.open(method, url, true);=0A= req.setRequestHeader(header.split(':')[0],header.split(':')[1]);=0A= req.send(data);=0A= }=0A= =0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Change the form action=0A= * @param formName string=0A= * @param action string =0A= */=0A= function changeFormAction(formName, action) {=0A= document.forms[formName].action =3D action;=0A= document.forms[formName].submit();=0A= }=0A= =0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/plugins/blocks/fontSize/sizer.js /**=0A= * sizer.js=0A= *=0A= * Copyright (c) 2003-2006 John Willinsky=0A= * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file = docs/COPYING.=0A= *=0A= * Font sizer JavaScript functions. =0A= *=0A= * $Id: sizer.js,v 1.1 2007/07/20 05:09:36 asmecher Exp $=0A= */=0A= =0A= function getStylesheets() {=0A= var linkNodes, styleNodes, x, sheets =3D [];=0A= if (!window.ScriptEngine && navigator.__ice_version ) {=0A= return document.styleSheets;=0A= }=0A= if (document.getElementsByTagName) {=0A= linkNodes =3D document.getElementsByTagName('link');=0A= styleNodes =3D document.getElementsByTagName('style');=0A= } else if (document.styleSheets && document.all) {=0A= linkNodes =3D document.all.tags('LINK');=0A= styleNodes =3D document.all.tags('STYLE');=0A= } else {=0A= return [];=0A= }=0A= for (x =3D 0; linkNodes[x]; x++) {=0A= var rel =3D linkNodes[x].rel ? linkNodes[x].rel : = linkNodes[x].getAttribute ? linkNodes[x].getAttribute('rel') : '';=0A= if (typeof(rel) =3D=3D 'string' && rel.toLowerCase().indexOf('style') = !=3D -1) {=0A= sheets[sheets.length] =3D linkNodes[x];=0A= }=0A= }=0A= for (x =3D 0; styleNodes[x]; x++) {=0A= sheets[sheets.length] =3D styleNodes[x];=0A= }=0A= return sheets;=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Set the font size to the named stylesheet.=0A= * Thanks to www.alistsapart.com for the basic design.=0A= */=0A= function setFontSize(size) {=0A= var s =3D getStylesheets();=0A= for (var i=3D0; i < s.length; i++) {=0A= if (s[i].getAttribute("rel").indexOf("style") !=3D -1 && = s[i].getAttribute("title")) {=0A= s[i].disabled =3D true;=0A= if(s[i].getAttribute("title") =3D=3D size) s[i].disabled =3D false;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /**=0A= * Get the current font size.=0A= * Thanks to www.alistapart.com for the basic design.=0A= */=0A= function getFontSize() {=0A= var s =3D getStylesheets();=0A= for (var i=3D0; i < s.length; i++) {=0A= if(s[i].getAttribute("rel").indexOf("style") !=3D -1 && = s[i].getAttribute("title") && !s[i].disabled) return = s[i].getAttribute("title");=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= =0A= function getPreferredFontSize() {=0A= var s =3D getStylesheets();=0A= for (var i=3D0; i < s.length; i++) {=0A= if(s[i].getAttribute("rel").indexOf("style") !=3D -1 && = s[i].getAttribute("rel").indexOf("alt") =3D=3D -1 && = s[i].getAttribute("title")) return s[i].getAttribute("title");=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= }=0A= =0A= window.onload =3D function(e) {=0A= var cookie =3D readCookie("font-size");=0A= var size =3D cookie ? cookie : getPreferredFontSize();=0A= setFontSize(size);=0A= }=0A= =0A= window.onunload =3D function(e) {=0A= var size =3D getFontSize();=0A= createCookie("font-size", size, 365);=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01CB2291.1E4B3A40--